Chapter 2

1 He is exhorted again to constancy and perseverance, and to do the duty of a faithful servant of the Lord in dividing the word aright, and staying profane and vain babblings. 17 Of Hymenaus and Philetus. 19 The foundation of the Lord is sure. 22 He is taught whereof to beware, and what to follow after, and in what sort the servant of the Lord ought to behave himself.

1. My son. See on 1 Tim. 1:2; 2 Tim. 1:2.

Be strong. No man can do the work of the Christian minister unless he is daily led by the grace, or power, of God (see on 2 Cor. 12:9; Eph. 6:10; Phil. 4:13).

2. The things. That is, the “sound words” of ch. 1:13. Paul perhaps gave special attention to Timothy’s skill in communicating the gospel truths, knowing that the day was coming when Timothy would assume Paul’s mantle of responsibility.

Of me. Or, “from me.”

Among many witnesses. Paul’s “sound words” were, in most instances, probably not given to Timothy in secret, but rather as a listener at various church services.

Commit. Compare on 1 Tim. 6:20. Not only must the Christian leader preach the gospel to the flock and to nonbelievers, he must also prepare able young men to assume the leadership of the church when the older generation passes away.

Faithful. Or, “trustworthy” (see on 1 Tim. 1:12).

3. Endure hardness. Textual evidence favors (cf. p. 10) the reading “suffer evil together with [someone, or others],” that is, “take your share of suffering” (RSV).

Good. Or, “first-class,” “excellent.”

Soldier. Compare Phil. 2:25; 1 Tim. 1:18. All the devotion and loyalty and physical stamina of a real soldier are prerequisite to genuine Christian leadership.

4. No man that warreth. Or, “no one serving as a soldier.”

Entangleth. That is, involves.

Affairs. That is, civilian business that divides the soldier’s time and energy. The minister should be dedicated to the one great task of preaching the gospel. True, it may be necessary for him, on occasion, to engage in some secular activity, as witness Paul, who worked at tent making. But in such instances the secular activity is but a necessary means to the great end of effectively preaching the gospel.

Please. The first concern of the Christian minister is that Jesus Christ, the One who called him to service, be satisfied with his record. The minister purposes to please no earthly being. Such an attempt to please would interfere with full devotion to his Lord.

5. Strive for masteries. Gr. athleoµ, “to engage in a contest,” “to contend in gymnastic games,” “to go into athletics.” Our English word “athletics” is derived from athleoµ. Here Paul introduces another parallel to the Christian minister, that of the athlete (cf. 1 Cor. 9:24–27).

Crowned. That is, wreathed with the victory garland (see on 1 Cor. 9:25).

Lawfully. Any athlete who violates the rules of the contest is disqualified. Again Paul allows Timothy to deduce the intended parallel with the Christian minister. Regardless of the quantity of sermons preached and people visited, if the minister does not teach “sound words” (ch. 1:13) or does not clothe his message with the winsomeness and love of Christ, all his labors will prove to have been in vain (cf. Matt. 7:22–23).

6. Husbandman. Gr. geoµrgos, literally, “tiller of the earth,” from which the English name “George” is derived. Paul now compares the minister with a farmer, as he already has to an athlete (v. 5), and a soldier (vs. 3, 4).

Partaker. The farmer’s produce feeds both himself and the rest of the world. If the farmer did not share in his produce, he would die and the rest of the world would go hungry. Hence, the minister must first partake of the Christian graces (see on Gal. 5:22, 23) before he is able to share these graces with others. No one can share something he does not have. The world needs both the produce of the farmer and a genuine exhibit of the fruits of Christianity, but if the farmer does not eat the food he produces and the minister does not exhibit the truths he preaches, the world suffers.

7. Consider. Or, “understand.” In vs. 3–6 Paul has been teaching through metaphors. Now he appeals to Timothy to see the full import of his comparisons. Compare Christ’s instruction to His listeners in Matt. 24:15.

Give thee understanding. The apostle reminds Timothy that not all information resides in facts that can be memorized. Rather, there are many problems that can be solved only by recounting either one’s personal experience or that of others. Other problems arise for which there is no immediate parallel in past experience. Whatever the case the Christian minister appeals to God, who gives “understanding in all things.” Consequently, the faithful Christian worker will ever listen attentively for the voice of God, living each day in full confidence that the answer to every prayer will be revealed at the most helpful time.

8. Remember that Jesus Christ. Literally, “remember Jesus Christ.”

Here Paul stresses the humanity of Jesus, which provides the solid foundation for man’s confidence in the plan of salvation. In other instances Paul emphasizes the divine nature of Christ, that is, His love, as God, for sinners. Perhaps the apostle here confronts the growing threat of Docetism (see Vol. V, p. 912; Vol. VI, p. 58), which denied the actual human existence of Christ. This statement sets forth the essence of the Christian gospel. The Christian church is not edified by irrelevant and fanciful interpretations of Scripture. The words of Jesus constitute a model for preachers as to how weary, sin-laden men and women may find peace and victory. The person of Jesus becomes the model of Christian character for all men. Christianity is a living, virile message.

Seed of David. To the Jews the family line of David was sacred because the Messiah was to be born of the “seed of David” (see Ps. 132:11; see on 2 Sam. 7:12; Matt. 22:41–46). Again Paul emphasizes the humanity of Jesus and His perfect fulfillment of OT prophecy. Christ’s Davidic ancestry constituted a powerful argument when the gospel was presented to Jews.

Raised from the dead. Christ’s empty tomb became Christianity’s unanswerable argument for the divinity of Christ and the integrity of the gospel message. No other man or religion can point to such supernatural evidence of divine intervention. The resurrection of Jesus was God’s seal of approval certifying Him as this world’s Saviour (see on 1 Cor. 15:4, 12–20).

According to my gospel. Compare Rom. 2:16; 16:25. Paul’s message to the world was based both on the OT and on the personal revelation that God had entrusted to the apostle (see on 1 Tim. 1:11). Hence his “gospel” was in accord with the facts of Christ’s life and death and resurrection.

9. Wherein. That is, in the preaching of the gospel.

Suffer trouble. Gr. kakopatheoµ, “to suffer evil,” “to suffer disgrace.” Compare chs. 1:8; 2:3.

Unto bonds. That is, treated like a common criminal, even to the extent of being bound in chains.

Word of God is not bound. While Paul was under Roman guard he so effectively preached the gospel that a number in Rome, even some in Caesar’s household, were converted (see on Acts 28:17–24; Phil. 4:22). The apostle may also refer to the continued preaching of the other apostles, men like Timothy, who carried on Paul’s labors while he was restricted to a Roman dungeon.

Though, like Paul, preachers may be silenced, the preaching continues through an unbroken succession of men to whom God entrusts the gospel (see 2 Tim. 2:2). Paul’s words were prophetic of the triumphal march of the Word of God through the centuries. Though Martin Luther was imprisoned in the Wartburg castle, the Biblical truth of righteousness by faith was “not bound,” for while he was thus imprisoned, he prepared his monumental contribution to the German people, the Scriptures in German (see p. 53). William Tyndale was finally martyred for his work in translating the Scriptures into the English language. Much of his life was spent in exile from England, and the printing of his translation was expressly forbidden. Yet, within a year after Tyndale’s death, the first English Bible, Tyndale’s translation, was printed in England, the vanguard of a worldwide tidal wave of Bibles to come forth from this country. Men may outlaw Bible translators, burn the Bibles, and condemn all propagation of scriptural truth, but the “word of God is not bound.”

10. Therefore. That is, because of Paul’s confidence in the verity of Christ’s atonement (v. 8) and in the certain triumph of truth.

Endure. Gr. hupomenoµ, “to persevere,” “to bear bravely and calmly.” For a discussion of the noun form, hupomoneµ, see on James 1:3. Paul knew that the glory of eternal life and the compensation of seeing souls saved because of his preaching were worth the present price of suffering in chains.

Elect’s. See on Rom. 8:33.

Eternal glory. Paul may be comparing the temporary hardship then suffered by Christians with the permanence of their eternal reward.

11. It is a faithful saying. See on 1 Tim. 1:15. Because of the rhythmic character of the clauses in 2 Tim. 2:11–13 some have thought that Paul is quoting from some Christian hymn or formal declaration.

If. The Greek clearly assumes that each of the conditions set forth in vs. 11–13 is true. The Christian’s confidence resides in the fact that when certain God-ordained conditions are complied with, God will be faithful in carrying out His part of the agreement.

Dead. That is, dead to sin. The Christian’s repentance is symbolized by the rite of baptism, which Paul describes as a death (see on Rom. 6:3, 4).

Also live. Paul here may refer to: (1) the new life of righteousness, which God helps us to live after baptism (see on Rom. 6:5–11); or (2) eternal life in the new earth (see on John 3:16; 14:3).

12. Suffer. Gr. hupomenoµ, “to endure,” “to persevere” (see on v. 10). The clause may be rendered, “if we keep on enduring” (see Matt. 24:13).

Reign with him. See on Rom. 8:16, 17; Rev. 20:4; 22:5. Paul urges an eternal perspective, so that the present disgrace and hardship will be seen as transitory in the light of the eternal privileges and glory.

If we deny him. See on Matt. 10:32, 33. Christ may be denied in many ways, such as open repudiation, silence when truth should be defended, a profession of loyalty counteracted by a life that does not rightly represent Christ.

Deny us. See on Matt. 10:32.

13. Believe not. Gr. apisteoµ, “to be unfaithful,” “to be untrustworthy.” Though men and women may fail God and disappoint their fellow men, Christians may be certain that God is always trustworthy. His abiding presence never forsakes men who put their trust in Him.

Deny himself. Because of His very nature God cannot fail to fulfill His promises (see on Num. 23:19; Ps. 89:35; Titus 1:2; Heb. 6:18; 10:23). God will be as faithful in punishing the wicked as He will be in rewarding the righteous. No sinner should think that God, in the last day, will change His mind about the destruction of the wicked.

14. Put them in remembrance. Literally, “keep on causing [these things] to be remembered.” Paul here charges Timothy to remind the “faithful men” (v. 2) in particular, and the entire church in general, of the basic truths stated in vs. 8–13. A knowledge of their privileges and duties will fortify them against profitless disputes and erroneous teachings.

Strive not about words. Gr. logomacheoµ, “to fight word battles.” For the noun form logomachia see on 1 Tim. 6:4.

Subverting. Gr. katastrephoµ, “to turn over,” from which we derive our English word “catastrophe.” To magnify nonessentials and trivia is to steal valuable time from important matters and to confuse and upset the common man. The gospel message does not depend upon the turn of a word here and there. The goal of Christian living is measured in terms of likeness with Christ (see on Eph. 4:13), not skill in manipulating words or the ability to allegorize the plain words of Scripture.

15. Study. Gr. spoudazoµ, “to hasten,” “to exert one’s self,” “to be diligent,” also translated “endeavour” (Eph. 4:3; 1 Thess. 2:17; 2 Peter 1:15), “diligence” (2 Tim. 4:9; Titus 3:12; 2 Peter 1:10), “let us labour” (Heb. 4:11). Paul reminds Timothy that only an earnest, diligent minister can rightly represent his Lord and fulfill the weighty task entrusted to him.

To shew. Gr. paristeµmi, “to place beside,” “to present.” While the Christian is working with and for his fellow men he must ever remember that the eyes of God are upon him. It is God whom the Christian must ultimately satisfy.

Approved. The Christian worker must be known by all for his unsullied life and cheerful mastery of the various problems of life.

Workman. Since Paul himself was a tentmaker (see on Acts 18:3), he well knew how important it was for a workman to labor so efficiently that he need not be “ashamed” of his efforts.

Rightly dividing. Literally, “cutting straight.” The truths of the Bible must be rightly interpreted so that no part of the Scriptures will be set in opposition to the picture presented by the Bible as a whole. Each passage of Scripture must be given its true meaning even as every brick in the wall of a building must be in its proper place, or the whole wall suffers. In v. 14 Paul warns against “word battles,” an example of the improper use of Scripture. To cut the Bible straight suggests that every phase of truth must receive its proper emphasis. Irrelevancies and secondary issues are to be subordinated to the principles that actually prepare men to conquer sin and enable them to live triumphantly in Christ.

Word of truth. That is, the word that constitutes truth—the Scriptures (see on Eph. 1:13).

16. Shun. Or, “avoid,” “turn away from” (see Titus 3:9). Trivial and fanciful topics are not to be considered as worthy of the faithful Christian’s time. His back is to be turned upon all such chatter.

Profane and vain babblings. See on 1 Tim. 6:20.

They. Either the “vain babblings” or those who teach such empty talk.

Increase. Improper handling of the Word of God always leads to further and more sever harm both to the unwise teacher and to the church body. Truth alone leads to godliness and harmony among church members.

17. Eat. The damage caused by empty religious chatter (v. 16) will spread. Such would-be teachers should not even be given a hearing, but shunned altogether.

Canker. Gr. gaggraina, “gangrene,” that is, a disease that eats away the flesh and continually spreads to other parts of the body. The loquacious word battlers (v. 14) and empty talkers (v. 16) feed on the attention given them.

Hymenaeus. See 1 Tim. 1:20. To be remembered only for subversion and ungodly behavior is the height of tragedy.

Philetus. Of him no further information is available in the Bible.

18. The truth. That is, the Christian revelation contained in Scripture (see on v. 15).

Have erred. See on 1 Tim. 1:6; 6:21.

Resurrection is past. The Christian church early had to contend with teachers who denied the literal resurrection of the body (see on 1 Cor. 15:12–19). These workmen did not “rightly” divide the “word of truth” (v. 15). For Paul’s presentation of the physical resurrection at the second advent see on 1 Cor. 15:12–58; 1 Thess. 4:13–18; 2 Tim. 4:1.

Overthrow. Or, “subvert.” Christians are often content to rely upon those in the church who are considered special students of the Bible, instead of diligently studying the Scriptures for themselves. Consequently, when error is presented they are often at a loss to distinguish between it and truth.

19. Nevertheless. Here is manifested the radiant, indomitable courage of Paul. It compares with the noble reply of the three Hebrew worthies when they faced immediate death because of their convictions. They would be loyal to God, who was able to deliver them if He saw fit, “but if not,” they would still serve Him (Dan. 3:18).

In this last letter to Timothy, Paul sought to encourage him to endure all the trials yet to come. Love for Timothy prompted Paul to describe the road ahead with stark reality (see chs. 1:8; 2:3, 9, 16, 17; 3:1, 12).

Paul could not even promise Timothy that his own ministerial colleagues, or the members of his own church, would altogether prove faithful (see on chs. 1:15; 2:17, 18; 4:10, 14). The apostle had learned through tears that disappointment and disillusionment may strike at any time.

Paul already expected to die an undeserved death by the executioner’s sword. Was this all Timothy had to look forward to? No, Paul not yet finished. He goes on to say, as it were: “The world will persecute you, Timothy, some of your own friends will fail you, some of your fondest hopes will be dashed to the ground—nevertheless’ there is one thing you can still count on, ‘the foundation of God standeth sure.’”

Foundation of God. That is, the unchangeableness of God’s nature and character as revealed in the Scriptures. The church, which is the product of God’s grace and the object of His greatest concern, will ultimately triumph because God will not revoke His promises and withdraw His leadership. It rests upon a sure foundation (cf. Eph. 2:19, 20; see on Matt. 16:18).

Sure. Gr. stereos, “firm,” “solid,” “immovable.” The first clause of this verse reads literally, “the firm foundation of God stands.”

Seal. Gr. sphragis, a “seal” by which anything is confirmed, authenticated, or certificated. Compare Eze. 9:4; Rom. 4:11. Ever since the creation of man God has genuine loyalty to His way of life. To be sealed with the approval of God constitutes man’s highest achievement. God has promised to sealed men and women the protection of legions of angels and the comfort and encouragement of His presence. Furthermore, men today can be assured that the standards upon which God bases His approval are the same now as in Biblical times (see on 2 Tim. 2:13). The sealing work will continue as long as men and women have the opportunity to accept salvation. See on Rev. 7:1, 4.

Knoweth. Probably a reference to the LXX of Num. 16:5. All those who loyally subscribe to the principles of God’s government can be assured of His promise that no man or devil is able to pluck them out of His hand (John 10:28). God is trustworthy; His conditions for life eternal are unchanging; therefore, no man ever has cause to lose faith in His word. Those who are willing to witness faithfully for God on earth can be confident that God will remember them in heaven (cf. 2 Tim. 2:12).

Every one that nameth. That is, those who choose to be called “Christians” (see on Acts 11:26). In Paul’s day, claiming the “name of … Christ” was an open invitation to persecution and derision (see on Acts 15:26). The Christian would be announcing his commitment to Christ’s way of life, valuing His approval above that of man.

Depart. Gr. aphisteµmi, “ to stand off from.” Compare Matt. 7:23 (see on Isa. 52:11; 1 Cor. 6:17, 18; 1 Peter 1:15, 16). The apostle asserts the inevitable consequence of full surrender to God’s way of life; such a church member will abhor evil as Christ did. God’s seal can never rest upon an impure man or woman; God will never approve of anything less than complete dedication to the principles of His government. Those who bear His seal of approval will stand out from the world as exhibits of a superior way of life, revealing a character that reflects God’s moral integrity.

Iniquity. Gr. adikia, “unrighteousness.”

20. But. Rather, “now.” Paul is not introducing a contrasting thought.

Great house. The apostle’s metaphor for the church (see Num. 12:7; 1 Tim. 3:15; Heb. 3:5, 6).

Gold … silver … wood. These “vessels” differ in value according to their intrinsic worth. Thus it is with human character in the Master’s service.

Earth. Gr.ostrakinos, that which is made of baked clay.

Some to honour. As with household utensils, there are members in the Christian church whose service is honorable. These church members of “honour” are made of durable material and will not be cast away, even as vessels made of gold and silver are never thrown away. Paul here stresses the value of the material rather than the particular function served by each vessel. Compare 1 Cor. 3:12 for another instance where Paul contrasts the two types of church members, the durable and the unenduring.

Some to dishonour. Some household utensils do only temporary service; that is, when broken or no longer needed, they are discarded as worthless. Paul warns Timothy that not all members of the church professing service to Christ will “depart from iniquity” (v. 19). Hence, their destiny is as sadly certain as the earthen pot that performed the most menial of household functions and then was discarded. Such members will be destroyed in the judgment (see on Rev. 21:8).

21. Purge. Gr. ekkathairoµ, “to cleanse thoroughly.” Compare “depart from iniquity” (v. 19).

From these. Paul refers to both the false teachings (vs. 14, 16–18), and the church members of “dishonour” (v. 20).

Vessel unto honour. The difference between the household utensil of dishonor and the church member of dishonor is that the church member may change his nature and become precious to God and worthy of eternal life.

Sanctified. Gr. hagiazoµ, “to make holy,” “to treat as holy” (see on John 17:11, 17; 1 Cor. 7:14). For the noun hagiasmos see on Rom. 6:19. Here Paul is building on his exhortation to separate “from iniquity” (2 Tim. 2:19). Through sanctification the life becomes progressively more like God, who is “holy” (see on 1 Peter 1:16). Every phase of this church member’s life is dedicated to the honor of God; thus, he becomes “a vessel unto honour.”

Meet. Gr. euchreµstos, “useful.”

Master’s use. That is, use by Jesus Christ. He desires the services of genuine Christians, for only thus will the world ever see the supreme worth of God’s way of life (see on 2 Cor. 2:14; 1 Tim. 4:16). Through the personality of Christlike men and women the world will finally be confronted with God’s last call of mercy (see on 2 Peter 3:12). The church members who do not reveal the moral integrity of Jesus Christ are vessels of “dishonour” (2 Tim. 2:20) and become a stumbling block to the non-Christian.

22. Flee. Compare 1 Tim. 6:11. Here, Paul applies the broad principles stated in 2 Tim. 2:21. He explains the nature of a “vessel unto honour.”

Lusts. Gr.epithumiai, “desires” (see on Mark 4:19; James 1:14). Impatient self-assertion and other traits so often revealed by young people are here referred to.

Follow. See on 1 Tim. 6:11.

Righteousness. See on Matt. 5:6.

Faith. See on Heb. 11:1.

Charity. That is, love (see on 1 Cor. 13:1).

Peace. See on 1 Cor. 1:3.

Pure heart. That is, of those who have departed “from iniquity” (v. 19), those who “purge” themselves (v. 21). This foursided picture describes the “sanctified” life (v. 21), to which God will enable every sincere Christian to attain (see on Rom. 6:19).

23. Unlearned. That is, not sufficiently educated or mentally disciplined by study to deal properly with a matter (cf. 1 Tim. 1:4; 4:7; 6:4).

Avoid. That is, keep on avoiding, continue to have nothing to do with foolish, irrelevant, unprofitable discussions (see on 1 Tim. 4:7).

Gender. Literally, “give birth to.”

Strifes. Or, “quarrels.” Compare 1 Tim. 6:4.

24. Servant. Gr. doulos, “slave” (see on John 8:34; Rom. 1:1). Paul here refers especially to the Christian minister.

Must not strive. Or, “must not quarrel” (see on v. 23). The minister’s time is too valuable to be wasted on “foolish and unlearned questions” (v. 23). Furthermore, he should exhibit a worthy example before his church members by stressing the essential business of Christianity, which is character development.

Be gentle. Compare 1 Thess. 2:7.

All. That is, those both within and without the church.

Apt to teach. See on 1 Tim. 3:2.

Patient. Or, “forbearing,” “able to endure wrong treatment.”

25. Meekness. Compare Matt. 5:5. The “servant of the Lord” will teach others as He did. The unenlightened were thus captivated by Christ’s willingness to meet the common man on his own ground. Although Jesus spoke with earnestness and authority, He never embarrassed or coerced His listeners. He gently varied His presentations of truth to suit His hearers. The educated and the ignorant alike were drawn by His winsomeness and love, because they felt that Christ identified Himself with their wants and interests.

Those that oppose themselves. That is, those that set themselves in opposition to truth.

Peradventure. Or, “perhaps.”

Will give. Textual evidence is divided (cf. p. 10) between the readings “may give” and “will give.”

Repentance. Gr. metanoia, “a change of mind” (see on Matt. 3:2). Instead of opposing the principles of the gospel, as formerly, those who experience this change of mind respond with their whole being to the entreaties of God’s Spirit and of the “gentle,” “patient,” and meek “servant of the Lord” (see v. 24).

Acknowledging. Or, “full knowledge,” “correct knowledge.” Those who thus repent have witnessed, in the lives of Christian teachers, the actual results of obeying the truth. They recognize truth to be the only satisfactory answer to man’s problems.

26. Recover themselves. Literally, “to return to soberness,” that is, to return to a sound mind after the intoxication brought about by Satan’s pleasures and allurements.

Snare. Compare 1 Tim. 3:7. As alcoholic beverages ensnare the mind and give the intoxicated person a distorted view of life, one that is altogether out of focus, so the mind that opposes the truth becomes warped and loses proper perspective in regard to truth. His understanding of it is distorted by his refusal to recognize and accept it.

Taken captive. Gr. zoµgreoµ, “to capture alive.”

By him at his will. This phrase has been variously interpreted by the commentators: (1) Both pronouns, “him” and “his,” refer to Satan. (2) Both pronouns refer to God. (3) “Taken captive” by Satan but now sobered to do God’s “will.” (4) “Taken captive” by the “servant of the Lord” (v. 24) for the purpose of doing God’s “will.” Both the first and second possibilities are difficult to support in the Greek. The Greek construction seems to favor the third suggestion, although the last is also possible. Accordingly, the verse may read: “That they who have been taken captive by him [the devil] may be sobered [and thus extricated] from the snare of the devil for the purpose of [doing] that one’s [God’s] will.”

Ellen G. White comments

1    ML 319

1, 2 2T 343

1–3AA 500; FE 341

2     GW 102

2–54T 352

3     COL 58; Ed 295; EW 46; FE 301; ML 319; MYP 96; 2T 102, 150, 313, 710; 3T 323, 326, 434; 4T 39; 6T 335; 8T 52

4     AA 366, 506; 1T 467

7     6T 134

9     AA 462

11–14GW 311

12   ML 93; 1T 78; 3T 66, 531; 5T 215

15   AA 501; CSW 83; CT 238, 535; Ed 61; Ev 134, 625; FE 215, 217, 243, 394; GW 92; PK 218; TM 194; 2T 230, 501, 642, 710; 3T 421; 6T 55, 134; 9T 48

15, 16  GW 312

16   CH 458; 5T 197

19   CS 66; GW 464; SL 12; TM 410; 1T 323; 2T 348, 397, 407, 441, 490, 515; 4T 583, 595

21   AA 55; FE 360; PK 384; TM 248, 404; 5T 512, 514; 9T 278

22   AH 59; CT 535

22, 23  CSW 30

22–25AA 501

23–26TM 164; 2T 501

24   CSW 103, 118

24, 25  GW 303; TM 31; 2T 389

24–261T 648

26   COL 198; MYP 51; SC 43; 1T 429; 2T 303, 448; 3T 230; 5T 288, 329